虚拟机Linux磁盘扩容

image-20240731213324426

场景

esxi下直接调整虚拟磁盘大小，guest系统内新增容量不生效，需要手动调整硬盘分区表、执行文件系统扩容。

步骤

1. 调整虚拟磁盘大小

img

2. 确认guest系统已识别到新的磁盘容量

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[root@gitlab ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes, 209715200 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x00099ab9

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *        2048     2099199     1048576   83  Linux
/dev/sda2         2099200    33554431    15727616   8e  Linux LVM

Disk /dev/mapper/centos-root: 14.4 GB, 14382268416 bytes, 28090368 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/mapper/centos-swap: 1719 MB, 1719664640 bytes, 3358720 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

第一行，Disk /dev/sda: 107.4 GB

3. 扩展磁盘分区

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# 此处磁盘号按实际填写，如果只有一个盘一般是sda
[root@gitlab ~]# fdisk /dev/sda 
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

# 新建分区
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)
   e   extended
   
# 新建主分区
Select (default p): p 

# 分区号设置
Partition number (3,4, default 3): 

# 分区起始块
First sector (33554432-209715199, default 33554432): 
Using default value 33554432
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (33554432-209715199, default 209715199): 
Using default value 209715199
Partition 3 of type Linux and of size 84 GiB is set

# 修改分区文件系统
Command (m for help): t

# 指定刚刚新建的分区号码
Partition number (1-3, default 3): 

# 列出所有文件系统编码表
Hex code (type L to list all codes): L

 0  Empty           24  NEC DOS         81  Minix / old Lin bf  Solaris        
 1  FAT12           27  Hidden NTFS Win 82  Linux swap / So c1  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
 2  XENIX root      39  Plan 9          83  Linux           c4  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
 3  XENIX usr       3c  PartitionMagic  84  OS/2 hidden C:  c6  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
 4  FAT16 <32M      40  Venix 80286     85  Linux extended  c7  Syrinx         
 5  Extended        41  PPC PReP Boot   86  NTFS volume set da  Non-FS data    
 6  FAT16           42  SFS             87  NTFS volume set db  CP/M / CTOS / .
 7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d  QNX4.x          88  Linux plaintext de  Dell Utility   
 8  AIX             4e  QNX4.x 2nd part 8e  Linux LVM       df  BootIt         
 9  AIX bootable    4f  QNX4.x 3rd part 93  Amoeba          e1  DOS access     
 a  OS/2 Boot Manag 50  OnTrack DM      94  Amoeba BBT      e3  DOS R/O        
 b  W95 FAT32       51  OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f  BSD/OS          e4  SpeedStor      
 c  W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52  CP/M            a0  IBM Thinkpad hi eb  BeOS fs        
 e  W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53  OnTrack DM6 Aux a5  FreeBSD         ee  GPT            
 f  W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54  OnTrackDM6      a6  OpenBSD         ef  EFI (FAT-12/16/
10  OPUS            55  EZ-Drive        a7  NeXTSTEP        f0  Linux/PA-RISC b
11  Hidden FAT12    56  Golden Bow      a8  Darwin UFS      f1  SpeedStor      
12  Compaq diagnost 5c  Priam Edisk     a9  NetBSD          f4  SpeedStor      
14  Hidden FAT16 <3 61  SpeedStor       ab  Darwin boot     f2  DOS secondary  
16  Hidden FAT16    63  GNU HURD or Sys af  HFS / HFS+      fb  VMware VMFS    
17  Hidden HPFS/NTF 64  Novell Netware  b7  BSDI fs         fc  VMware VMKCORE 
18  AST SmartSleep  65  Novell Netware  b8  BSDI swap       fd  Linux raid auto
1b  Hidden W95 FAT3 70  DiskSecure Mult bb  Boot Wizard hid fe  LANstep        
1c  Hidden W95 FAT3 75  PC/IX           be  Solaris boot    ff  BBT            
1e  Hidden W95 FAT1 80  Old Minix      

# 将分区3文件系统调整为 Linux LVM
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'

# 将上述修改写入磁盘
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.

4. 使新分区表生效

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[root@gitlab ~]# partprobe

partprobe命令用于重读分区表,将磁盘分区表变化信息通知内核,请求操作系统重新加载分区表。

5. 查看新的分区结构

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[root@gitlab ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes, 209715200 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x00099ab9

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *        2048     2099199     1048576   83  Linux
/dev/sda2         2099200    33554431    15727616   8e  Linux LVM
/dev/sda3        33554432   209715199    88080384   8e  Linux LVM

Disk /dev/mapper/centos-root: 14.4 GB, 14382268416 bytes, 28090368 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/mapper/centos-swap: 1719 MB, 1719664640 bytes, 3358720 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

可以看见新创建的/dev/sda3分区已列出。

6. LVM扩展 VG & LV

PV（Physical Volume）
物理卷，处于LVM最底层，可以是物理硬盘或者分区。

VG（Volume Group）
卷组，建立在PV之上，可以含有一个到多个PV。

LV（Logical Volume）
逻辑卷，建立在VG之上，相当于分区的概念。不过大小可以动态改变。

查看已有的VG，可见原有的一个VG对应1个PV两个LV：

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[root@gitlab ~]# vgs
VG     #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize   VFree
centos   1   2   0 wz--n- <15.00g    0

查看LV列表，可见原有的root分区和swap分区挂载在centos这个VG上：

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[root@gitlab ~]# lvs
  LV   VG     Attr       LSize  Pool Origin Data%  Meta%  Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
  root centos -wi-ao---- 13.39g                                                    
  swap centos -wi-ao----  1.60g

新建PV：

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# 此处pvcreate引用上面创建的物理磁盘分区
[root@gitlab ~]# pvcreate /dev/sda3
  Physical volume "/dev/sda3" successfully created.

扩展VG：

此处使用PV/dev/sda3 扩展VG centos

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[root@gitlab ~]# vgextend centos /dev/sda3
  Volume group "centos" successfully extended

再次查看VG，此时可见centos已由两个PV组成：

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[root@gitlab ~]# vgs
VG     #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize  VFree  
centos   2   2   0 wz--n- 98.99g <84.00g

扩展LV：

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# 此处的路径请根据实际情况填写
[root@gitlab ~]# lvextend /dev/mapper/centos-root /dev/sda3 
  Size of logical volume centos/root changed from 13.39 GiB (3429 extents) to 97.39 GiB (24932 extents).
  Logical volume centos/root successfully resized.

再次查看LV信息，可见LV容量已经增长：

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# 此处的路径请根据实际情况填写
[root@gitlab ~]# lvs
LV   VG     Attr       LSize  Pool Origin Data%  Meta%  Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
root centos -wi-ao---- 97.39g                                                    
swap centos -wi-ao----  1.60g

7. XFS扩容

使用df -h查看文件系统使用情况，容量仍未增长：

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[root@gitlab ~]# df -h
Filesystem               Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs                 7.8G     0  7.8G   0% /dev
tmpfs                    7.8G     0  7.8G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                    7.8G  8.9M  7.8G   1% /run
tmpfs                    7.8G     0  7.8G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/centos-root   98G  1.4G   97G   2% /
/dev/sda1               1014M  194M  821M  20% /boot
tmpfs                    1.6G     0  1.6G   0% /run/user/0

是因为LVM是物理磁盘和文件系统的中间层，需要在实际的文件系统上执行扩容，才可最终生效：

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[root@gitlab ~]# xfs_growfs /dev/mapper/centos-root 
meta-data=/dev/mapper/centos-root isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=877824 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=0 spinodes=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=3511296, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal               bsize=4096   blocks=2560, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
data blocks changed from 3511296 to 25530368

再次使用df -h查看文件系统使用情况，可见新增容量已生效：

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[root@gitlab ~]# df -h
Filesystem               Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs                 7.8G     0  7.8G   0% /dev
tmpfs                    7.8G     0  7.8G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                    7.8G  8.9M  7.8G   1% /run
tmpfs                    7.8G     0  7.8G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/centos-root   98G  1.4G   97G   2% /
/dev/sda1               1014M  194M  821M  20% /boot
tmpfs                    1.6G     0  1.6G   0% /run/user/0